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<title>Moderate realism</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moderate realism</span></span>

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<p><b>Moderate realism</b> (also called <b>immanent realism</b>) is a position in the debate on the <a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> of <a href="Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">universals</a> which holds that there is no <a href="Third_Realm_(Frege)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Realm (Frege)">realm</a> in which universals exist (in opposition to <a href="Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a>, which asserts the existence of <a href="Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">abstract objects</a>), nor do they really exist within <a href="Particular" title="Particular">particulars</a> <i>as universals</i>, but rather universals really exist within particulars <i>as particularised</i>, and multiplied.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p>Moderate realism is opposed to both the theory of <a href="Platonic_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic form">Platonic forms</a> and <a href="Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalism</a>. Nominalists deny the existence of universals altogether, even as particularised and multiplied within particulars. Moderate realism, however, is considered a midpoint between Platonic realism and nominalism as it holds that the universals are located in space and time although they do not have separate realms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> espoused a form of moderate realism as did <a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, and <a href="Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> (cf. <a href="Scotist_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotist realism">Scotist realism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderate realism is <a href="Anti-realist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-realist">anti-realist</a> about <a href="Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">abstract objects</a>, just like <a href="Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">conceptualism</a> is (their difference being that conceptualism denies the mind-independence of universals, while moderate realism does not).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle's position, as expounded by Aquinas, denies the existence of the realm of Forms and that the world around constitutes the only world where nothing is existing precisely according to our universal concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_theories">Modern theories</h2></div>

<p>A more recent and influential version of immanent realism has been advanced by <a href="Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a>, in works such as "Posits and Reality" (1955),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="D._M._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="D. M. Armstrong">D. M. Armstrong</a>, in works such as his <i>Universals: An Opinionated Introduction</i> (1989, p. 8). For Quine, any object proposed by theory is considered real, stressing that "everything to which we concede existence is a posit from the standpoint of a description of the theory-building process", considering the idea that the theory withstood rigorous testing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Armstrong, universals are independent of the mind, and this is critical in accounting for causation and nomic connection.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">Abstract object</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptualist_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptualist realism">Conceptualist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">Hylomorphism</a></li>

<li><a href="In_re_structuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="In re structuralism">In re structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Instantiation_principle" title="Instantiation principle">Instantiation principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval realism">Medieval realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object (philosophy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Platonic_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic form">Platonic form</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong realism">Strong realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal (metaphysics)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKumar2020" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Navin (2020). <i>Media Psychology: Exploration and Application</i>. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-367-54233-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Nominalism,_Realism,_Conceptualism" class="extiw external" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism">Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism – <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1913)</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil A. Manson, Robert W. Barnard (eds.), <i>The Bloomsbury Companion to Metaphysics</i>, Bloomsbury, 2014, p. 95.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2018" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Steven J. (2018). <i>The Human Person</i>. Washington, D.C.: CUA Press. p. 139. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8132-3152-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/scientific-realism-antirealism/">"Scientific Realism and Antirealism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcHenry2015" class="citation book cs1">McHenry, Leemon B. (2015). <i>Event Universe: The Revisionary Metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 23. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4744-0034-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDecockHorsten2000" class="citation book cs1">Decock, Lieven; Horsten, Leon (2000). <i>Quine: Naturalized Epistemology, Perceptual Knowledge and Ontology</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 209. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-420-1241-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Catholic_philosophy436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li>

<li><a href="Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li>

<li><a href="Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li>

<li><a href="G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li>

<li><a href="Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li>

<li><a href="G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li>

<li><a href="Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li>

<li><a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li>

<li><a href="Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li>

<li><a href="Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li>

<li><a href="Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li>

<li><a href="Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li>

<li><a href="William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li>

<li><a href="Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li>

<li><a href="Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li>

<li><a href="Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li>

<li><a href="Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li>

<li><a href="Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li>

<li><a href="Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cogito%2C_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li>

<li><a href="Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li>

<li><a href="Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li>

<li><a href="Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li>

<li><a href="Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li>

<li><a href="Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li>

<li><a href="Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li>

<li><a href="Occam's_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Pascal's_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li>

<li><a href="Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li>

<li><a href="Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ACatholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APhilosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul>

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